風(feng)力發電(dian)(dian)原理(li)是利(li)用風(feng)力帶動風(feng)車(che)葉片(pian)旋(xuan)轉，再透過增速(su)機(ji)將旋(xuan)轉的速(su)度提升，來(lai)促使發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)發電(dian)(dian)。
把風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)利用中最(zui)基本(ben)的(de)(de)一種方式(shi)。風(feng)(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)一般由風(feng)(feng)輪(lun)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)（包括傳動(dong)裝置）、調向器（尾翼）、塔架、限速安全機(ji)構和(he)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)裝置等構件(jian)組成(cheng)。風(feng)(feng)力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)工作原(yuan)理比較簡(jian)單，風(feng)(feng)輪(lun)在風(feng)(feng)力的(de)(de)作用下旋轉(zhuan)，它把風(feng)(feng)的(de)(de)動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)變(bian)為風(feng)(feng)輪(lun)軸的(de)(de)機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)在風(feng)(feng)輪(lun)軸的(de)(de)帶動(dong)下旋轉(zhuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)。
風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)是(shi)(shi)集風(feng)(feng)(feng)裝置(zhi)，它的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)(shi)把流動空氣具有的(de)動能轉(zhuan)變為(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)旋轉(zhuan)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能。一般風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)由2個(ge)或3個(ge)葉片構成。葉片在風(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)下，產生升(sheng)力(li)和(he)阻(zu)力(li)，設計(ji)優良的(de)葉片可(ke)獲得大(da)的(de)升(sheng)力(li)和(he)小的(de)阻(zu)力(li)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)葉片的(de)材(cai)料因風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)型號和(he)功率大(da)小不(bu)同而定，如有玻璃鋼(gang)、尼龍(long)等。我國已(yi)能制造多種類型容(rong)量不(bu)等的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)。
在(zai)風(feng)力發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)中，已(yi)采用的發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)有3種，即直(zhi)流(liu)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)、同步(bu)(bu)(bu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)和異步(bu)(bu)(bu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)。小功(gong)率(lv)風(feng)力發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)多采用同步(bu)(bu)(bu)或異步(bu)(bu)(bu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)，發(fa)(fa)出(chu)的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電通過整流(liu)裝置轉換成(cheng)(cheng)直(zhi)流(liu)電。與直(zhi)流(liu)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)比，同步(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)的優(you)點(dian)是效率(lv)高，而且在(zai)低風(feng)速下比直(zhi)流(liu)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)出(chu)的電能多，能適應比較(jiao)寬的風(feng)速范圍(wei)。同步(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa)(fa)電機(ji)(ji)能自(zi)行提(ti)供(gong)磁場的電流(liu)，但成(cheng)(cheng)本較(jiao)高。
風(feng)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)中調向(xiang)(xiang)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)功能是盡量使風(feng)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)輪(lun)(lun)隨時都迎著風(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)，從而(er)能最(zui)大限度地(di)獲取風(feng)能。除了下風(feng)式風(feng)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)外，一般風(feng)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)幾乎全部是利用尾(wei)(wei)翼來(lai)控制風(feng)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)迎風(feng)方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。尾(wei)(wei)翼一般都設(she)在風(feng)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)(wei)端，處在風(feng)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)(wei)流(liu)區里。只(zhi)有(you)個別(bie)風(feng)力(li)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)(wei)翼安裝在比較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)位置上，這樣(yang)可以避(bi)開風(feng)輪(lun)(lun)尾(wei)(wei)流(liu)對它的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。尾(wei)(wei)翼的(de)(de)(de)(de)材料通常采用鍍鋅(xin)薄鋼板。
顧名思義，限速(su)(su)(su)安(an)全(quan)(quan)機(ji)構(gou)是用來(lai)保(bao)證風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)運行安(an)全(quan)(quan)的。風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)的轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)和(he)功率與風(feng)(feng)(feng)的大小密(mi)切相關。風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)和(he)功率隨著風(feng)(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)(su)的提高而增加，風(feng)(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)(su)過(guo)(guo)高會導(dao)致風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)過(guo)(guo)高和(he)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)超負荷。風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)過(guo)(guo)高和(he)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)超負荷都會危及風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)的運行安(an)全(quan)(quan)。限速(su)(su)(su)安(an)全(quan)(quan)機(ji)構(gou)的設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)可以使風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)的轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)(su)在(zai)一(yi)定的風(feng)(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)(su)范(fan)圍內保(bao)持基本(ben)不變。除了限速(su)(su)(su)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)外，風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)一(yi)般(ban)還設(she)有專門的制動裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)，當風(feng)(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)(su)過(guo)(guo)高時，可以使風(feng)(feng)(feng)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)停轉(zhuan)，以保(bao)證風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)在(zai)特大風(feng)(feng)(feng)速(su)(su)(su)下的安(an)全(quan)(quan)。
塔(ta)(ta)架(jia)(jia)是風力發電機的(de)支(zhi)撐機構，也(ye)是風力發電機的(de)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要部件。考慮到便于搬(ban)遷、降低成本等因素(su)，百瓦級風力發電機通常采用管(guan)式(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)架(jia)(jia)。管(guan)式(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)架(jia)(jia)以鋼(gang)管(guan)為主體，在4個(ge)方(fang)向上安置張緊索。稍大的(de)風力發電機塔(ta)(ta)架(jia)(jia)一(yi)(yi)般采用由角(jiao)鋼(gang)或圓鋼(gang)組成的(de)桁架(jia)(jia)結構。
風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)出功率(lv)(lv)與風(feng)(feng)(feng)速(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小有關。由于(yu)自然界的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)速(su)是極(ji)不(bu)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)，風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)出功率(lv)(lv)也(ye)極(ji)不(bu)穩(wen)定。這樣一(yi)(yi)來，風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能一(yi)(yi)般是不(bu)能直(zhi)(zhi)接用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，先要儲存起來。目(mu)前蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)最為普遍的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲能裝置，即(ji)把(ba)風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能先儲存在(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內，然后通過蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)向(xiang)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或通過逆變(bian)器把(ba)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉變(bian)為交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后再向(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。考慮到(dao)成本問題，目(mu)前風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)多為鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能特性(xing)是由風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)出功率(lv)(lv)曲線(xian)來反映的(de)(de)(de)(de)。風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)出功率(lv)(lv)曲線(xian)是風(feng)(feng)(feng)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)(shu)出功率(lv)(lv)與場(chang)地風(feng)(feng)(feng)速(su)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系曲線(xian)。
(責任(ren)編輯：wzxny)